Formatting Your References
Once you type your references on the reference page, you will need to put in a hanging indent and double-space the entire reference list. In Microsoft Word, highlight the references from A to Z, then find the paragraph function in the Word ribbon. Select Hanging under Indentation and Double under spacing. See the Formatting your References tab for instructions on doing this on a Mac or in Google Docs.
References
Abbas, D. D. F. (2020). Manipulating of audio-visual aids in the educational processes in Al-Hilla University College. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(3), 1248-1263. https://doi.org.db12.linccweb.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i3/pr200875
The citation above may not indicate a hanging indent depending on the device you are using to view it. The second and all subsequent lines of APA formatted references use a hanging indent.
| Material Type | In-text Citation | Reference |
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A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a way to keep track of content in a digital environment. Many publishers are assigning a DOI to each article in an issue. The DOI is unique and can be used by the reader to locate more citation information about the article. When a DOI is assigned, use it in place of other locating material (URL or database name). Older DOIs may be in the doi: XXXX format, convert these to a weblink by adding https://doi.org/ before the DOI number. The ##-## represents the page number range of the article. The first example refers to print journals or journals from a database without a DOI assigned. The second format is for any journal article when a DOI is assigned. The third example is for journal articles available for free online, no DOI assigned. General Format: Author’s Last name, First Initial. Second Initial. (YEAR, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), ##-##. Author’s Last name, First Initial. Second Initial., Author’s Last name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Author’s Last name, First Initial Second Initial. (YEAR, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), ##-##. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXX Author’s Last name, First Initial. Second Initial. (YEAR, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), ##-##. https://doi.org/XXXXXXXX Author’s Last name, First Initial. Second Initial. (YEAR, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), ##-##. URL |
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| Article from a print journal (no DOI) | (Marshall & Clark, 2010). |
Marshall, M. & Clark, A. M. (2010). Is clarity essential to good teaching? Teaching Philosophy, 33(3), 271-289. Notice that periodical titles are capitalized like the standard title capitalization where all major words in the title are capitalized, Title of Periodical. |
| Article from a print journal (with DOI) | (Chaffee & Weston, 2010). | Chaffee, B. W. & Weston, S. J. (2010). Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontology, 81(12), 1708-1724. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2010.100321 |
| DOIs now frequently are made to be resolved more easily by adding the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ When this prefix is used, you do not need the doi: before the http in your reference. See an example below. | ||
| Article from a journal in a database with a DOI with the http prefix | (Cheung, et al., 2017). |
Cheung, J. H., Kulasegaram. K. M., Woods, N. N., Moulton, C., Ringsted, C. V., & Brydges, R. (2017, April 22). Knowing how and knowing why: Testing the effect of instruction designed for cognitive integration on procedural skills transfer. Advances in Health Science Education, 23(1), 61-74. https://doi-org.db12.linccweb.org/10.1007/s10459-017-9774-1 |
| Article from a journal in a database (no DOI) |
(Badke, 2009).
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Badke, W. (2009). How we failed the net generation. Online, 33(4), 47-49. |
| Article from database or Internet (with DOI) |
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Whitlock, J., Eells, G., Cummings, N., & Purington, A. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury in college populations: Mental health provider assessment of prevalence and need. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 23(3), 172-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568220902794366
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| Article from the Internet (available to anyone, no DOI assigned) |
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Negi, N. J., Bender, K. A., Furman, R., Fowler, D. N., & Prickett, J. C. (2010). Enhancing self-awareness: A practical strategy to train culturally responsive social work students. Advances in Social Work, 11(2), 223-234. http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/advancesinsocialwork/article/view/482/1787
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Not sure what each element of a citation means? Here is a step-by-step guide on understanding a citation, and creating your own!
DOI System
- The DOI SystemAny DOI can be copied and pasted into the DOI resolver to get more citation information than is available in a reference list. Try it out, copy a DOI on this page and paste it in the DOI resolver.